Edible fungi, a wide variety, has always been popular with the public, known as the "king of mountain treasures", "kitchen boutique" and so on. Edible wild fungi have a history of thousands of years in China. According to the records, there are more than 100 kinds of wild fungi, such as sheep liver fungus, Boletus, Hericium erinaceus, chicken fir fungus, Dictyophora, Tricholoma matsutake, Maitake and so on. Because of their rich nutrition and delicious taste, they have been loved by people since ancient times, and most of them are good medicine of traditional Chinese medicine, which can be used to treat a variety of diseases at the same time. Therefore, they are treasures of both medicine and food.
Edible fungi are delicious, low in fat and sugar, rich in protein, vitamins, mineral elements and other bioactive ingredients. They have more medicinal value and better health care functions, and are deeply loved by the masses.
Polysaccharides are the most attractive active ingredients in fungi.
Fungal polysaccharide is an active substance isolated from fruiting body, mycelium and fermentation broth of fungi. It is a natural high molecular polymer composed of more than 10 monosaccharides connected by β - 1,3 and β - 1,6 glycosidic bonds. The common fungal polysaccharides are lentinan, Maitake, Ganoderma lucidum, tremella fuciformis, Agaricus blazei, Flammulina velutipes, Cinnamomum camphora, Pleurotus nebrodensis and Coriolus versicolor. Internationally, it is known as "biological response regulator".
Fungal polysaccharides have natural drug activity and special health care functions, and now have become a research hotspot in biology, food science, medical science and other fields.
So, what are the magical effects of edible fungi? Let's have a look.
1. Improve immune function
At present, many bioactive substances with immunomodulatory function have been found in edible fungi, mainly including polysaccharides, glycopeptides, triterpenoids, lectins and immunomodulatory proteins. Studies have shown that the anti-tumor activity of most fungal polysaccharides is achieved by enhancing the immune regulation function of the host.
Fungal polysaccharides can regulate the immune system in many ways and at many levels. The mechanism of polysaccharide immunoregulation is mainly through lymphocytes, macrophages, reticuloendothelial system, enhancing phagocytic capacity of macrophages, enhancing cellular immunity, humoral immune response and promoting the production of cytokines. At present, the structures and functions of edible fungi polysaccharides are clear, such as Coriolus Versicolor Polysaccharide, Maitake polysaccharide, Poria cocos polysaccharide, Polyporus umbellatus polysaccharide, tremella fuciformis polysaccharide, lentinan and so on.
2. Antitumor activity
Through enhancing and inducing the phagocytic function of macrophages and the activity of lymphocytes, activating the immune monitoring function, directly or indirectly acting on tumor cells and inhibiting tumor growth. At present, many kinds of fungal polysaccharides have been found, such as Maitake polysaccharide, Coriolus Versicolor Polysaccharide, Poria cocos polysaccharide, Ganoderma lucidum polysaccharide and Agaricus blazei polysaccharide, which are used in the treatment of tumor in clinic. For example, Maitake polysaccharide depends on the body's own immunity to play its role, which is manifested in inhibiting the growth of tumor cells, preventing tumor metastasis, preventing normal cell canceration, and cooperating with chemotherapy and radiotherapy to improve the therapeutic effect of cancer and reduce the side effects of radiotherapy and chemotherapy.
3. Antiviral
It can inhibit HIV, influenza virus and cytomegalovirus by improving host immune function and increasing the number of effector immune cells. At present, many kinds of fungal polysaccharides have antiviral effects, such as Hericium erinaceus polysaccharides, Poria cocos polysaccharides, lentinan, Polyporus umbellatus polysaccharides and Maitake polysaccharides.
4. Antioxidant activity
A large number of evidences show that diseases and pathological conditions related to aging are obviously related to their oxidative capacity. Food at home and abroad The results showed that polysaccharides from edible and medicinal fungi had effective antioxidant activities. Most polysaccharides from edible and medicinal fungi showed antioxidant activities, such as scavenging free radicals and chelating Fe ". Different kinds of Polysaccharides from edible and medicinal fungi had different antioxidant activities It increased with the increase of polysaccharide concentration.
Studies have shown that the peptide of Ganoderma lucidum polysaccharide can enhance the scavenging ability of reactive oxygen species in the injured mouse abdominal macrophage model, showing a significant antioxidant effect, and the results also show that the polysaccharide can protect the mice, such as tBOOH Ganoderma lucidum polysaccharide can significantly inhibit the lipid peroxidation induced by iron in rat brain homogenate, and show a dose-dependent inhibition on hydroxyl radical and superoxide anion; oral administration of Ganoderma lucidum polysaccharide can effectively reduce the damaged oxidative stress level in plasma and the liver of streptozotocin induced diabetic rats In a dose-dependent manner, non enzymatic and enzymatic antioxidant activities were enhanced and lipid peroxidation was reduced.
5. Lowering blood pressure, blood fat and blood sugar
Fungal polysaccharide also has obvious effect of reducing blood pressure, blood lipid and blood glucose, can effectively enhance vascular elasticity, prevent thrombosis; regulate cardiovascular system, reduce blood pressure and blood lipid, prevent arteriosclerosis, is an excellent regulator for "three high" population. At present, many kinds of fungal polysaccharides have been found, such as Cordyceps sinensis polysaccharide, lentinan, Agaricus blazei Murill polysaccharide, Dictyophora indusiana polysaccharide, Ganoderma lucidum polysaccharide and so on. The results showed that Dictyophora polysaccharide and tyrosinase in Agaricus bisporus could effectively reduce blood pressure, Agaricus blazei Murill polysaccharide could reduce blood lipid and improve hypoxia tolerance.
6. Others
In addition, in addition to the above biological activities, edible fungi polysaccharides also have anti fatigue, anti vomiting, anti radiation and other biological activities. The biological activities listed above show that the effects of edible fungi polysaccharides on the body are various, and their synergistic effect is conducive to regulating the internal balance of the body, so as to resist adverse physiological changes.
Fungal polysaccharides are a class of biological macromolecules with diverse structures. More than 200 kinds of polysaccharides have been found only from fruiting bodies, hyphae and fermentation broth of Ganoderma lucidum. Due to the safety and non toxicity of edible and medicinal fungal polysaccharides and their anti-tumor, immunity enhancing, blood pressure lowering, hypoglycemic and other effects, people gradually pay attention to the development and utilization of edible and medicinal fungal polysaccharides. Japan is in the leading position in the development and utilization of edible and medicinal fungal polysaccharides.
In recent years, some achievements have been made in the research of edible and medicinal fungus polysaccharide capsules and polysaccharide injection in China, and a variety of new foods and drugs such as granules, tablets, capsules and drinks have been developed on the basis of traditional dosage forms. With the concept of traditional Chinese medicine health gradually recognized by many countries and regions, all kinds of nutritional dietary supplements made from fungal polysaccharides are popular in Europe, America and Japan. Edible and medicinal fungal polysaccharides are recognized as immune enhancers with high effects. Fungal polysaccharides have been widely used in clinic, and have achieved good results in the treatment of autoimmune diseases, immune dysfunction and tumor.
As the saying goes, "a meat, a vegetable, a mushroom", usually eat more mushrooms can improve human immunity, escort the body. Lentinan and Maitake polysaccharides have been used as adjuvant anti-tumor drugs in clinic. The mechanism is that fungal polysaccharides can activate lymphocytes to produce corresponding antibodies to kill pathogens and resist diseases.
